As the starting point for human exploration of the microscopic world, the optical microscope has undergone a leapfrog development from simple magnification to super-resolution imaging since its invention by Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. The core principle is based on the interaction between visible light and the sample, and the visualization of morphology and structure is achieved through a lens system. This article will explore the basic principles, technological evolution, and cutting-edge

Keywords: scanning probe microscope SPM、AFM、STM、 nanomanipulationScanning probe microscopy (SPM) achieves nanoscale morphology and physical property measurement through the interaction force between the probe and the sample surface. Its core branches include atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), providing revolutionary tools for nanotechnology and materials science.1、 STM: The Pioneer of Atomic ResolutionSTM is based on the quantum tunneling effect and measur

Keywords: electron microscope TEM、SEM、 Ball aberration correction, in-situ imagingElectron microscopy (EM) uses electron beams instead of visible light to achieve nanoscale resolution imaging. Its core branches include transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which are widely used in materials science, life sciences, and semiconductor industry.1、 TEM: From Structural Analysis to Atomic ImagingTEM penetrates ultra-thin samples through electron beams, formi

Keywords: confocal microscope, 3D imaging, in vivo observation, multiphoton microscopeConfocal microscopy filters out non focal plane signals through pinholes to achieve optical slicing and 3D reconstruction. Its core advantages include high resolution, high contrast, and tomographic capabilities, which are widely used in cell biology and neuroscience.1、 The core principle and imaging mode of confocal microscopeConfocal microscope scans the sample point by point through laser, and the pinhole o

Keywords: digital microscope, image acquisition, intelligent analysis, deep learning, automationDigital microscopes convert optical signals into digital images through CCD or CMOS sensors, and combine computer technology to achieve automated acquisition, processing, and analysis. Its core advantages include high efficiency, high precision, and repeatability, which are widely used in industrial testing, medical diagnosis, and scientific research education.1、 Core components and workflow of digit

Keywords: transmission electron microscope TEM、 Imaging principle, sample preparation, high-resolution imagingAs the perspective eye of the microscopic world, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has become an indispensable tool in the fields of materials science, life sciences, and nanotechnology since its invention by Ernst Ruska in 1932. The core principle is based on electron beam replacing visible light and achieving nanoscale resolution imaging through an electromagnetic lens system. Th

Keywords: fluorescence microscope, fluorescent dyes, multi-color imaging, super-resolution technologyFluorescence microscopy, through fluorescence labeling technology, visualizes biomolecules or structures and has become a core tool in cell biology and medical diagnosis. The core principle is based on the emission of fluorescent signals by fluorescent proteins or dyes under specific wavelength excitation, combined with techniques such as confocal microscopy and multiphoton imaging to achieve hig

Keywords: scanning electron microscope SEM、 Surface morphology, energy spectrum analysis, 3D reconstructionScanning electron microscope (SEM) scans the surface of a sample with an electron beam to detect secondary or backscattered electron signals, generating high-resolution surface images. Its core advantages include large depth of field, high resolution, and elemental analysis capabilities, which are widely used in materials science, geology, and semiconductor industry.1、 The core structure

Keywords: Atomic Force Microscopy AFM、 Nanomechanics, single-molecule manipulation, force spectrum analysisAtomic force microscopy (AFM) measures nanoscale morphology and mechanical properties through the interaction force between microcantilever probes and sample surfaces. Its core advantages include high resolution, non-destructive, and multimodal imaging, which are widely used in materials science, biophysics, and nanotechnology.1、 The core principle and imaging mode of AFMAFM detects the b

Keywords: phase contrast microscope, transparent sample, live cell imaging, phase differenceThe phase contrast microscope converts the optical path difference of the sample into amplitude difference through a phase ring, allowing transparent samples (such as live cells) to be observed without staining. Its core principle is based on the interference effect of light and is widely used in cell biology and developmental biology.1、 The core structure and principle of phase contrast microscopeThe ph